Vanadium is typically traded as ferrovanadium (FeV)or vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). It is estimated that around 73,000 metric tonnes of vanadium was mined in 2019, with China, Russia and South Africa being the largest producers. Vanadium occurs in a variety of settings: phosphate rock, titaniferous magnetite, uriniferous sandstone, bauxite, coal, oil…